The concept of redox electrolyte and contained in everyday life and industry. Combustion reaction and metal perkaratan merupakn example redox reactions that occur in our daily lives. In our bodies contained various kinds of electrolytes, in which redox reactions take place therein, namely in the metabolism and conductivity signals by nerve cells. Aki and various types of batteries using redox reactions as a source of electricity. The battery consists of an oxidizing and a reducing agent and an electrolyte. Aki, for example consist of metal lead (Pb) as the anode, the oxidation of lead (Pbo2) as cathode, and sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. Dissociation reaction by microorganisms is also a redox reaction. Well, on this occasion we discuss the use of the concept of redox and electrolytes in wastewater treatment is activated sludge method.
Have you ever watched the river water in the village or in the forest? Generally there river water can be used for domestic purposes - such a day to wash, to bathe, even for drinking water. Not so with urban or regional area industri.Air river was often dirty and smells. It happened karenabanyaknya garbage or waste discharged into waterways and eventually into the rivers. In developed countries, water must be treated before it flowed into the river, so the river stays clean and can be used for recreation.
One kind of dirty waste water is organic waste, ie waste which is the remains of living beings. Such waste can come from household and industry. Organic waste can be processed by utilizing the degrading action of bacteria, called aerobic bacteria. Dirty water (Sewage) contain various kinds of wastes, such as organic materials, sludge, oil, oil, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, salts, pesticides, detergents, heavy metals, and a variety of plastic waste. Therefore, the dirty water must be processed to reduce as much as possible these wastes.
Various parameters used to describe the state of waste water. For example, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved solids content, similarity (pH),
the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO = Dissolved oxygen), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD = biochemical oxygen demand).
Do is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen can be started from the air or the water plant photosynthesis hasi. This dissolved oxygen needed by animals - animals water for breathing. Animals - animals could survive if water dissolved oxygen (DO) not less than 5 ppm. Dissolved oxygen is also used by aerobic bacteria in deciphering organic waste (oxygen-demanding materialist) contained in the water. Many of oxygen required by aerobic bacteria to decompose waste water in a hypothetical organi-called BOD. The more organic waste in water, the greater the BOD value. In contrast, dissolved oxygen (DO) will be smaller.
Wastewater treatment can be divided into three stages, namely primary stage, secondary stage, and tertiary stages. Treatment of primary stage intended to separate the garbage that is not soluble in water so as not to experience deposition (sedimentation). Secondary stage is intended to remove BOD, by the way mengoksidasinya. Furthermore, the tertiary stage is intended to eliminate the waste that still exist, such as toxic organic waste, heavy metals, and bacteria. Tertiary stage processing performed for the water treatment industry. In the next section will discuss one way of processing waste water in the secondary phase, namely how to activated sludge (actived sluge prosess).
Activated sludge is a mud-rich with aerobic bacteria, the bacteria which can outline of organic waste biodegradation by experiencing (oxygen-demanding materials).
Of aerobic bacteria convert organic waste into biomass in water of CO2 gas, while organic nitrogen is converted into ammonium and nitrate, organic phosphorus is converted into phosphate.
Biomass degradation products remain in the aeration tank to the bacteria through a period of rapid growth (long phase). After that will experience the flocculation forming an easier mengendap.Dari solids settling tank, some mud thrown, others circulated into the aeration tank. Combination of bacteria in high concentrations and hunger (in the mud which is circulated) by the amount of nutrients that many (in dirty water), allowing the decomposition to take place quickly. Decomposition by activated sludge method requires only a few hours, far faster than lenih similar decomposition occurs naturally in a ditch or river water.
Thursday, April 29, 2010
Sunday, March 7, 2010
Opened by Vancouver Olympic Death
Opened by Vancouver Olympic Death
Vina Ramitha
(Special)
INILAH.COM, Vancouver - opening of the Winter Olympics (Winter Olympics) in Vancouver, Canada, Saturday (13 / 2) local time tinged tragedies. But competition is still done.
Luge athlete from the late Republic of Georgia, Nodar Kumaritashvili would expect. Adrenaline passion he felt for the first 48.9 seconds planks laid seluncurnya and drove up to 135 kilometers per hour, is the last moments of his life.
On the track worth U.S. $ 100 million that he died after losing control of the sled, Friday (12 / 2) local time. His head hit the metal pole after a track Nodar thrown out.
"I can not speak, can not describe how we all feel," said President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Jacques Rogge, as reported by the Washington Post. The statement reported by Nodar death of an hour after the accident, along with the start of the investigation by the IOC.
The incident occurred several hours before the Winter Olympics officially opened in Vancouver. Delegation of the Republic of Georgia seemed sad, dressed in red and wearing a black scarf to signify mourning for the death of their colleague. More than 60 thousand people who witnessed the opening of this gives them a standing Ovation condolences.
"Bring on the shoulders of Nodar dream of you all. Berkompetisilah with that spirit in your heart all," said Director John Furlong Vancouver Olympics when he opened the Olympics in BC Place stadium. After a moment of silence, flag down the host half-mast.
The opening of the Olympics this time is a bit stiff and uncomfortable because of the death of Nodar. The sports that participate in these Olympics began blaming the organizers that provide limited access for foreign athletes to know the tracks and fields to be contested. Especially in the case of Nodar, a track where he died recently built two years ago.
"It's hard to track, we drove with more speed than usual and no other tracks in the world like it. They did not give us time to practice and get used to it," said U.S. luge athlete, Steven Holcomb, shortly before the team paraded into the country in the stadium.
Holcomb Canada upset because the team was allowed to use the track longer than rivals from overseas. He argues that the injustice caused by Nodar country which is a small country in Europe. "This little mistake into a fruitful big tragedy," he continued.
However, the Olympic flame remains lit, the first in the stadium and one in Coal Harbor is not far from the stadium where the opening ceremony. Carrier fire is legendary Canadian hockey sports, Wayne Gretzky who then lit a fire in a large stove.
Some big names in other sports world who got the honor of being the bearer of fire is a gold medalist from Canada, Rick Hansen. He gave the fire to the player who had won skate Olympics, Catriona LeMay Doan. The fire then forwarded to the NBA players Steve Nash, and finally to the skier Nancy Greene. Only later to Gretzky.
Canada has spent a lot of money to hold this event. A total of U.S. $ 110 million for the programs 'Own the Podium', U.S. $ 552 to build a venue that will be used as race tracks, including the import thousands of cubic yards of snow from the U.S. because the warmest winters in history. Then an additional U.S. $ 1.5 billion allocated for operational costs everyday. [MDR]
Vina Ramitha
(Special)
INILAH.COM, Vancouver - opening of the Winter Olympics (Winter Olympics) in Vancouver, Canada, Saturday (13 / 2) local time tinged tragedies. But competition is still done.
Luge athlete from the late Republic of Georgia, Nodar Kumaritashvili would expect. Adrenaline passion he felt for the first 48.9 seconds planks laid seluncurnya and drove up to 135 kilometers per hour, is the last moments of his life.
On the track worth U.S. $ 100 million that he died after losing control of the sled, Friday (12 / 2) local time. His head hit the metal pole after a track Nodar thrown out.
"I can not speak, can not describe how we all feel," said President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Jacques Rogge, as reported by the Washington Post. The statement reported by Nodar death of an hour after the accident, along with the start of the investigation by the IOC.
The incident occurred several hours before the Winter Olympics officially opened in Vancouver. Delegation of the Republic of Georgia seemed sad, dressed in red and wearing a black scarf to signify mourning for the death of their colleague. More than 60 thousand people who witnessed the opening of this gives them a standing Ovation condolences.
"Bring on the shoulders of Nodar dream of you all. Berkompetisilah with that spirit in your heart all," said Director John Furlong Vancouver Olympics when he opened the Olympics in BC Place stadium. After a moment of silence, flag down the host half-mast.
The opening of the Olympics this time is a bit stiff and uncomfortable because of the death of Nodar. The sports that participate in these Olympics began blaming the organizers that provide limited access for foreign athletes to know the tracks and fields to be contested. Especially in the case of Nodar, a track where he died recently built two years ago.
"It's hard to track, we drove with more speed than usual and no other tracks in the world like it. They did not give us time to practice and get used to it," said U.S. luge athlete, Steven Holcomb, shortly before the team paraded into the country in the stadium.
Holcomb Canada upset because the team was allowed to use the track longer than rivals from overseas. He argues that the injustice caused by Nodar country which is a small country in Europe. "This little mistake into a fruitful big tragedy," he continued.
However, the Olympic flame remains lit, the first in the stadium and one in Coal Harbor is not far from the stadium where the opening ceremony. Carrier fire is legendary Canadian hockey sports, Wayne Gretzky who then lit a fire in a large stove.
Some big names in other sports world who got the honor of being the bearer of fire is a gold medalist from Canada, Rick Hansen. He gave the fire to the player who had won skate Olympics, Catriona LeMay Doan. The fire then forwarded to the NBA players Steve Nash, and finally to the skier Nancy Greene. Only later to Gretzky.
Canada has spent a lot of money to hold this event. A total of U.S. $ 110 million for the programs 'Own the Podium', U.S. $ 552 to build a venue that will be used as race tracks, including the import thousands of cubic yards of snow from the U.S. because the warmest winters in history. Then an additional U.S. $ 1.5 billion allocated for operational costs everyday. [MDR]
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