Diego Maradona, born in 1960, Argentine soccer player, who led Argentina to a World Cup title in 1986. An outstanding midfielder, considered the heir to Brazilian player Pelé as the world's best player, Maradona earned praise and respect from players and fans for his brilliant play-making and goal-scoring abilities. He achieved celebrity status throughout the world and led a highly visible and extravagant life.
He was born Diego Armando Maradona in Lanús, near Buenos Aires. The son of a factory worker, he began playing soccer for Las Cebollitas, a children's team, at the age of nine. At the age of 16 he was the youngest player to join Argentina's national team. Though he was already a star when Argentina hosted the World Cup in 1978, Maradona was not selected for that year's national team and did not participate in his country's victory in the tournament. In 1979, however, he was voted South American player of the year. He led Argentina to its second World Cup title in 1986 and to the finals in 1990. He played for the professional soccer team of Barcelona in Spain from 1982 to 1984 and was then acquired in 1984 by Napoli, an Italian team from the city of Naples. With his help Napoli won the Italian League title for the first time in 1989.
Maradona encountered career problems after he was accused of drug use in 1991. That year he was dropped by the Naples team and barred from international competition for 15 months while facing drug charges in Argentina. In September 1992 he rejoined international soccer when he was signed by Seville, a team from Seville, Spain. Maradona struggled with Seville and was released by the team after one season. Despite having admitted that the training sessions overwhelmed him, he returned to Argentina in 1993 to attempt another professional comeback. During the 1994 World Cup, however, Maradona received a 15-month suspension from international competition for testing positive for banned drugs. He subsequently became coach of the Argentine soccer team Racing Club, but he resigned the post in mid-1995. Later that year, when his playing ban expired, Maradona joined the Boca Juniors team of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
(From : Microsoft Encarta 2009)
Saturday, February 27, 2010
Ecology
Ecology, the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment. The physical environment includes light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere. The biological environment includes organisms of the same kind as well as other plants and animals.
Because of the diverse approaches required to study organisms in their environment, ecology draws upon such fields as climatology, hydrology, oceanography, physics, chemistry, geology, and soil analysis. To study the relationships between organisms, ecology also involves such disparate sciences as animal behavior, taxonomy, physiology, and mathematics.
An increased public awareness of environmental problems has made ecology a common but often misused word. It is confused with environmental programs and environmental science (see Environment). Although the field is a distinct scientific discipline, ecology does indeed contribute to the study and understanding of environmental problems.
The term ecology was introduced by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866; it is derived from the Greek oikos (“household”), sharing the same root word as economics. Thus, the term implies the study of the economy of nature. Modern ecology, in part, began with Charles Darwin. In developing his theory of evolution, Darwin stressed the adaptation of organisms to their environment through natural selection. Also making important contributions were plant geographers, such as Alexander von Humboldt, who were deeply interested in the “how” and “why” of vegetational distribution around the world.
Natural Selection, in evolution, the process by which environmental effects lead to varying degrees of reproductive success among individuals of a population of organisms with different hereditary characters, or traits. The characters that inhibit reproductive success decrease in frequency from generation to generation. The resulting increase in the proportion of reproductively successful individuals usually enhances the adaptation of the population to its environment. Natural selection thus tends to promote adaptation by maintaining favorable adaptations in a constant environment (stabilizing selection) or improving adaptation in a direction appropriate to environmental changes (directional selection). Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace first proposed this concept in 1858.
Evolution, in biology, complex process by which the characteristics of living organisms change over many generations as traits are passed from one generation to the next. The science of evolution seeks to understand the biological forces that caused ancient organisms to develop into the tremendous and ever-changing variety of life seen on Earth today. It addresses how, over the course of time, various plant and animal species branch off to become entirely new species, and how different species are related through complicated family trees that span millions of years.
(from : Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009)
Because of the diverse approaches required to study organisms in their environment, ecology draws upon such fields as climatology, hydrology, oceanography, physics, chemistry, geology, and soil analysis. To study the relationships between organisms, ecology also involves such disparate sciences as animal behavior, taxonomy, physiology, and mathematics.
An increased public awareness of environmental problems has made ecology a common but often misused word. It is confused with environmental programs and environmental science (see Environment). Although the field is a distinct scientific discipline, ecology does indeed contribute to the study and understanding of environmental problems.
The term ecology was introduced by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866; it is derived from the Greek oikos (“household”), sharing the same root word as economics. Thus, the term implies the study of the economy of nature. Modern ecology, in part, began with Charles Darwin. In developing his theory of evolution, Darwin stressed the adaptation of organisms to their environment through natural selection. Also making important contributions were plant geographers, such as Alexander von Humboldt, who were deeply interested in the “how” and “why” of vegetational distribution around the world.
Natural Selection, in evolution, the process by which environmental effects lead to varying degrees of reproductive success among individuals of a population of organisms with different hereditary characters, or traits. The characters that inhibit reproductive success decrease in frequency from generation to generation. The resulting increase in the proportion of reproductively successful individuals usually enhances the adaptation of the population to its environment. Natural selection thus tends to promote adaptation by maintaining favorable adaptations in a constant environment (stabilizing selection) or improving adaptation in a direction appropriate to environmental changes (directional selection). Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace first proposed this concept in 1858.
Evolution, in biology, complex process by which the characteristics of living organisms change over many generations as traits are passed from one generation to the next. The science of evolution seeks to understand the biological forces that caused ancient organisms to develop into the tremendous and ever-changing variety of life seen on Earth today. It addresses how, over the course of time, various plant and animal species branch off to become entirely new species, and how different species are related through complicated family trees that span millions of years.
(from : Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009)
Definitif Article
Article
ar·ti·cle [rtik'l]
noun (plural ar·ti·cles)
1. newspaper or reference piece: a piece of nonfiction writing in a newspaper, magazine, or reference book
an article on ecology
2. item: an object or item, especially one that is part of a group
articles of clothing
3. grammar word before noun: a word used with a noun that specifies whether the noun is definite or indefinite.
In English the indefinite articles are "a" and "an," and the definite article is "the."
4. online newsgroup message: a message or posting to a newsgroup
piece of writing
piece of writing, editorial, piece, item, commentary, critique, exposé
object
object, item, piece, thing, artifact
clause
clause, term, stipulation, condition, regulation, paragraph, section
News, the reporting of current information on television and radio, and in newspapers and magazines.
For information on:
• history of news reporting, see Journalism; Boston News-Letter; Consumers Union of the United States, Inc.; Press Associations and Press Agencies; Baron Paul Julius von Reuter
• television news reporters, Ed Bradley; David Brinkley; Tom Brokaw; John Chancellor; Walter Cronkite; Sam Donaldson; Peter Jennings; Ted Koppel; Joan Lunden; Bill Moyers; Edward R. Murrow; Jane Pauley; Dan Rather; Diane Sawyer; Barbara Walters
• television news stations, see CNN
• radio news reporters, see Edward R. Murrow
• newspapers, reporters, and columnists, see Newspapers; Joseph Pulitzer; William Randolph Hearst; Rupert Murdoch; Henri Bourassa; Heywood Campbell Broun; Walter Lippmann; Susan Faludi; Ernie Pyle
• periodicals, writers, and editors, see Periodicals; William F. Buckley, Jr.; Clarence Barron; Henry R. Luce; Gloria Steinem
• impact of modern communications, see Embargo
• deities of news, see Hermes; Mercury (mythology)
• suppression of news, see Censorship
Journalism, gathering, evaluating, and distributing facts of current interest. In journalism, reporters research and write stories for print and electronic distribution, often with the guidance of editors or producers. The earliest journalists produced their stories for news sheets, circulars, newspapers, and periodicals. With technological advances, journalism came to include other media, such as radio, documentary or newsreel films, television, and the Internet.
( from : Microsoft Encarta 2009)
ar·ti·cle [rtik'l]
noun (plural ar·ti·cles)
1. newspaper or reference piece: a piece of nonfiction writing in a newspaper, magazine, or reference book
an article on ecology
2. item: an object or item, especially one that is part of a group
articles of clothing
3. grammar word before noun: a word used with a noun that specifies whether the noun is definite or indefinite.
In English the indefinite articles are "a" and "an," and the definite article is "the."
4. online newsgroup message: a message or posting to a newsgroup
piece of writing
piece of writing, editorial, piece, item, commentary, critique, exposé
object
object, item, piece, thing, artifact
clause
clause, term, stipulation, condition, regulation, paragraph, section
News, the reporting of current information on television and radio, and in newspapers and magazines.
For information on:
• history of news reporting, see Journalism; Boston News-Letter; Consumers Union of the United States, Inc.; Press Associations and Press Agencies; Baron Paul Julius von Reuter
• television news reporters, Ed Bradley; David Brinkley; Tom Brokaw; John Chancellor; Walter Cronkite; Sam Donaldson; Peter Jennings; Ted Koppel; Joan Lunden; Bill Moyers; Edward R. Murrow; Jane Pauley; Dan Rather; Diane Sawyer; Barbara Walters
• television news stations, see CNN
• radio news reporters, see Edward R. Murrow
• newspapers, reporters, and columnists, see Newspapers; Joseph Pulitzer; William Randolph Hearst; Rupert Murdoch; Henri Bourassa; Heywood Campbell Broun; Walter Lippmann; Susan Faludi; Ernie Pyle
• periodicals, writers, and editors, see Periodicals; William F. Buckley, Jr.; Clarence Barron; Henry R. Luce; Gloria Steinem
• impact of modern communications, see Embargo
• deities of news, see Hermes; Mercury (mythology)
• suppression of news, see Censorship
Journalism, gathering, evaluating, and distributing facts of current interest. In journalism, reporters research and write stories for print and electronic distribution, often with the guidance of editors or producers. The earliest journalists produced their stories for news sheets, circulars, newspapers, and periodicals. With technological advances, journalism came to include other media, such as radio, documentary or newsreel films, television, and the Internet.
( from : Microsoft Encarta 2009)
Friday, February 26, 2010
Intelligence
Intelligence, term usually referring to a general mental capability to reason, solve problems, think abstractly, learn and understand new material, and profit from past experience. Intelligence can be measured by many different kinds of tasks. Likewise, this ability is expressed in many aspects of a person’s life. Intelligence draws on a variety of mental processes, including memory, learning, perception, decision-making, thinking, and reasoning.
DEFINING INTELLIGENCE
Most people have an intuitive notion of what intelligence is, and many words in the English language distinguish between different levels of intellectual skill: bright, dull, smart, stupid, clever, slow, and so on. Yet no universally accepted definition of intelligence exists, and people continue to debate what, exactly, it is. Fundamental questions remain: Is intelligence one general ability or several independent systems of abilities? Is intelligence a property of the brain, a characteristic of behavior, or a set of knowledge and skills?
The simplest definition proposed is that intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure. But this definition does not characterize the ability well, and it has several problems. First, it is circular: The tests are assumed to verify the existence of intelligence, which in turn is measurable by the tests. Second, many different intelligence tests exist, and they do not all measure the same thing. In fact, the makers of the first intelligence tests did not begin with a precise idea of what they wanted to measure. Finally, the definition says very little about the specific nature of intelligence.
Whenever scientists are asked to define intelligence in terms of what causes it or what it actually is, almost every scientist comes up with a different definition. For example, in 1921 an academic journal asked 14 prominent psychologists and educators to define intelligence. The journal received 14 different definitions, although many experts emphasized the ability to learn from experience and the ability to adapt to one’s environment. In 1986 researchers repeated the experiment by asking 25 experts for their definition of intelligence. The researchers received many different definitions: general adaptability to new problems in life; ability to engage in abstract thinking; adjustment to the environment; capacity for knowledge and knowledge possessed; general capacity for independence, originality, and productiveness in thinking; capacity to acquire capacity; apprehension of relevant relationships; ability to judge, to understand, and to reason; deduction of relationships; and innate, general cognitive ability.
People in the general population have somewhat different conceptions of intelligence than do most experts. Laypersons and the popular press tend to emphasize cleverness, common sense, practical problem solving ability, verbal ability, and interest in learning. In addition, many people think social competence is an important component of intelligence.
Most intelligence researchers define intelligence as what is measured by intelligence tests, but some scholars argue that this definition is inadequate and that intelligence is whatever abilities are valued by one’s culture. According to this perspective, conceptions of intelligence vary from culture to culture. For example, North Americans often associate verbal and mathematical skills with intelligence, but some seafaring cultures in the islands of the South Pacific view spatial memory and navigational skills as markers of intelligence. Those who believe intelligence is culturally relative dispute the idea that any one test could fairly measure intelligence across different cultures. Others, however, view intelligence as a basic cognitive ability independent of culture.
In recent years, a number of theorists have argued that standard intelligence tests measure only a portion of the human abilities that could be considered aspects of intelligence. Other scholars believe that such tests accurately measure intelligence and that the lack of agreement on a definition of intelligence does not invalidate its measurement. In their view, intelligence is much like many scientific concepts that are accurately measured well before scientists understand what the measurement actually means. Gravity, temperature, and radiation are all examples of concepts that were measured before they were understood.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
DEFINING INTELLIGENCE
Most people have an intuitive notion of what intelligence is, and many words in the English language distinguish between different levels of intellectual skill: bright, dull, smart, stupid, clever, slow, and so on. Yet no universally accepted definition of intelligence exists, and people continue to debate what, exactly, it is. Fundamental questions remain: Is intelligence one general ability or several independent systems of abilities? Is intelligence a property of the brain, a characteristic of behavior, or a set of knowledge and skills?
The simplest definition proposed is that intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure. But this definition does not characterize the ability well, and it has several problems. First, it is circular: The tests are assumed to verify the existence of intelligence, which in turn is measurable by the tests. Second, many different intelligence tests exist, and they do not all measure the same thing. In fact, the makers of the first intelligence tests did not begin with a precise idea of what they wanted to measure. Finally, the definition says very little about the specific nature of intelligence.
Whenever scientists are asked to define intelligence in terms of what causes it or what it actually is, almost every scientist comes up with a different definition. For example, in 1921 an academic journal asked 14 prominent psychologists and educators to define intelligence. The journal received 14 different definitions, although many experts emphasized the ability to learn from experience and the ability to adapt to one’s environment. In 1986 researchers repeated the experiment by asking 25 experts for their definition of intelligence. The researchers received many different definitions: general adaptability to new problems in life; ability to engage in abstract thinking; adjustment to the environment; capacity for knowledge and knowledge possessed; general capacity for independence, originality, and productiveness in thinking; capacity to acquire capacity; apprehension of relevant relationships; ability to judge, to understand, and to reason; deduction of relationships; and innate, general cognitive ability.
People in the general population have somewhat different conceptions of intelligence than do most experts. Laypersons and the popular press tend to emphasize cleverness, common sense, practical problem solving ability, verbal ability, and interest in learning. In addition, many people think social competence is an important component of intelligence.
Most intelligence researchers define intelligence as what is measured by intelligence tests, but some scholars argue that this definition is inadequate and that intelligence is whatever abilities are valued by one’s culture. According to this perspective, conceptions of intelligence vary from culture to culture. For example, North Americans often associate verbal and mathematical skills with intelligence, but some seafaring cultures in the islands of the South Pacific view spatial memory and navigational skills as markers of intelligence. Those who believe intelligence is culturally relative dispute the idea that any one test could fairly measure intelligence across different cultures. Others, however, view intelligence as a basic cognitive ability independent of culture.
In recent years, a number of theorists have argued that standard intelligence tests measure only a portion of the human abilities that could be considered aspects of intelligence. Other scholars believe that such tests accurately measure intelligence and that the lack of agreement on a definition of intelligence does not invalidate its measurement. In their view, intelligence is much like many scientific concepts that are accurately measured well before scientists understand what the measurement actually means. Gravity, temperature, and radiation are all examples of concepts that were measured before they were understood.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Monday, February 22, 2010
“The Constant Tin Soldier”(Part 2) By Hans Christian Andersen
Only think—just where the tunnel ended, the drain ran into a great canal; and for him that would have been as dangerous as for us to be carried down a great waterfall.
Now he was already so near it that he could not stop. The boat was carried out, the poor Tin Soldier stiffening himself as much as he could, and no one could say that he moved an eyelid. The boat whirled round three or four times, and was full of water to the very edge—it must sink. The Tin Soldier stood up to his neck in water, and the boat sank deeper and deeper, and the paper was loosened more and more; and now the water closed over the Soldier's head. Then he thought of the pretty little Dancer, and how he should never see her again; and it sounded in the Soldier's ears:— 'Farewell, farewell, thou warrior brave,
Die shalt thou this day.'
And now the paper parted, and the Tin Soldier fell out; but at that moment he was snapped up by a great fish.
O, how dark it was in that fish's body! It was darker yet than in the drain tunnel; and then it was very narrow, too. But the Tin Soldier remained unmoved, and lay at full length, shouldering his musket.
The fish swam to and fro; he made the most wonderful movements, and then became quite still. At last something flashed through him like lightning. The daylight shone quite clear, and a voice said aloud, 'The Tin Soldier!' The fish had been caught, carried to market, bought, and taken into the kitchen, where the cook cut him open with a large knife. She seized the Soldier round the body with both her hands, and carried him into the room, where all were anxious to see the remarkable man who had travelled about in the inside of a fish; but the Tin Soldier was not at all proud. They placed him on the table, and there—no! What curious things may happen in the world! The Tin Soldier was in the very room in which he had been before! he saw the same children, and the same toys stood upon the table; and there was the pretty castle with the graceful little Dancer. She was still balancing herself on one leg, and held the other extended in the air. She was faithful too. That moved the Tin Soldier: he was very near weeping tin tears, but that would not have been proper. He looked at her, but they said nothing to each other.
Then one of the little boys took the Tin Soldier and flung him into the stove. He gave no reason for doing this. It must have been the fault of the Goblin in the snuff-box.
The Tin Soldier stood there quite illuminated, and felt a heat that was terrible; but whether this heat proceeded from the real fire or from love he did not know. The colors had quite gone off from him; but whether that had happened on the journey, or had been caused by grief, no one could say. He looked at the little Lady, she looked at him, and he felt that he was melting; but he stood firm, shouldering his musket. Then suddenly the door flew open, and the draught of air caught the Dancer, and she flew like a sylph just into the stove to the Tin Soldier, and flashed up in a flame, and then was gone! Then the Tin soldier melted down into a lump, and when the servant-maid took the ashes out next day, she found him in the shape of a little tin heart. But of the Dancer nothing remained but the tinsel rose, and that was burned as black as a coal.
Now he was already so near it that he could not stop. The boat was carried out, the poor Tin Soldier stiffening himself as much as he could, and no one could say that he moved an eyelid. The boat whirled round three or four times, and was full of water to the very edge—it must sink. The Tin Soldier stood up to his neck in water, and the boat sank deeper and deeper, and the paper was loosened more and more; and now the water closed over the Soldier's head. Then he thought of the pretty little Dancer, and how he should never see her again; and it sounded in the Soldier's ears:— 'Farewell, farewell, thou warrior brave,
Die shalt thou this day.'
And now the paper parted, and the Tin Soldier fell out; but at that moment he was snapped up by a great fish.
O, how dark it was in that fish's body! It was darker yet than in the drain tunnel; and then it was very narrow, too. But the Tin Soldier remained unmoved, and lay at full length, shouldering his musket.
The fish swam to and fro; he made the most wonderful movements, and then became quite still. At last something flashed through him like lightning. The daylight shone quite clear, and a voice said aloud, 'The Tin Soldier!' The fish had been caught, carried to market, bought, and taken into the kitchen, where the cook cut him open with a large knife. She seized the Soldier round the body with both her hands, and carried him into the room, where all were anxious to see the remarkable man who had travelled about in the inside of a fish; but the Tin Soldier was not at all proud. They placed him on the table, and there—no! What curious things may happen in the world! The Tin Soldier was in the very room in which he had been before! he saw the same children, and the same toys stood upon the table; and there was the pretty castle with the graceful little Dancer. She was still balancing herself on one leg, and held the other extended in the air. She was faithful too. That moved the Tin Soldier: he was very near weeping tin tears, but that would not have been proper. He looked at her, but they said nothing to each other.
Then one of the little boys took the Tin Soldier and flung him into the stove. He gave no reason for doing this. It must have been the fault of the Goblin in the snuff-box.
The Tin Soldier stood there quite illuminated, and felt a heat that was terrible; but whether this heat proceeded from the real fire or from love he did not know. The colors had quite gone off from him; but whether that had happened on the journey, or had been caused by grief, no one could say. He looked at the little Lady, she looked at him, and he felt that he was melting; but he stood firm, shouldering his musket. Then suddenly the door flew open, and the draught of air caught the Dancer, and she flew like a sylph just into the stove to the Tin Soldier, and flashed up in a flame, and then was gone! Then the Tin soldier melted down into a lump, and when the servant-maid took the ashes out next day, she found him in the shape of a little tin heart. But of the Dancer nothing remained but the tinsel rose, and that was burned as black as a coal.
“The Constant Tin Soldier”(Part 1)
By Hans Christian Andersen
There were once five-and-twenty tin soldiers; they were all brothers, for they had all been born of one old tin spoon. They shouldered their muskets and looked straight before them; their uniform was red and blue, and very splendid. The first thing they had heard in the world, when the lid was taken off their box, had been the words 'Tin soldiers!' These words were uttered by a little boy, clapping his hands; the soldiers had been given to him, for it was his birthday; and now he put them upon the table. Each soldier was exactly like the rest; but one of them had been cast last of all, and there had not been enough tin to finish him; but he stood as firmly upon one leg as the others on their two; and it was just this soldier who became remarkable.
On the table on which they had been placed stood many other playthings, but the toy that attracted most attention was a neat castle of card-board. Through the little windows one could see straight into the hall. Before the castle some little trees were placed round a little looking-glass, which was to represent a clear lake. Waxen swans swam on this lake, and were mirrored in it. This was all very pretty; but the prettiest of all was a little lady, who stood at the open door of the castle; she was also cut out in paper, but she had a dress of the clearest gauze, and a little narrow blue ribbon over her shoulders, that looked like a scarf; and in the middle of this ribbon was a shining tinsel rose, as big as her whole face. The little Lady stretched out both her arms, for she was a dancer, and then she lifted one leg so high that the Tin Soldier could not see it at all, and thought that, like himself, she had but one leg.
'That would be the wife for me,' thought he; 'but she is very grand. She lives in a castle, and I have only a box, and there are five-and-twenty of us in that. It is no place for her. But I must try to make acquaintance with her.'
And then he lay down at full length behind a snuff-box which was on the table; there he could easily watch the little dainty lady, who continued to stand on one leg without losing her balance.
When the evening came, all the other tin soldiers were put into their box, and the people in the house went to bed. Now the toys began to play at 'visiting,' and at 'war,' and 'giving balls.' The tin soldiers rattled in their box, for they wanted to join, but could not lift the lid. The Nut-cracker threw somersaults, and the Pencil amused itself on the table; there was so much noise that the Canary woke up, and began to speak too, and even in verse. The only two who did not stir from their places were the Tin Soldier and the Dancing Lady; she stood straight up on the point of one of her toes, and stretched out both her arms: and he was just as enduring on his one leg; and he never turned his eyes away from her.
Now the clock struck twelve—and, bounce!—the lid flew off the snuff-box; but there was not snuff in it, but a little black goblin; you see, it was a trick.
'Tin Soldier,' said the Goblin, 'don't stare at things that don't concern you.'
But the Tin Soldier pretended not to hear him.
'Just you wait till to-morrow!' said the Goblin.
But when the morning came, and the children got up, the Tin Soldier was placed in the window; and whether it was the Goblin or the draught that did it, all at once the window flew open, and the Soldier fell, head over heels, out of the third story.
That was a terrible passage! He put his leg straight up, and struck with his helmet downward, and his bayonet between the paving-stones.
The servant-maid and the little boy came down directly to look for him, but though they almost trod upon him they could not see him. If the soldier had cried out, 'Here I am!' they would have found him; but he did not think it fitting to call out loudly, because he was in uniform.
Now it began to rain; the drops soon fell thicker, and at last it came down in a complete stream. When the rain was past, two street boys came by.
'Just look!' said one of them, 'there lies a tin soldier. He must come out and ride in the boat.'
And they made a boat out of a newspaper, and put the Tin Soldier in the middle of it; and so he sailed down the gutter, and the two boys ran beside him and clapped their hands. Goodness preserve us! how the waves rose in that gutter, and how fast the stream ran! But then it had been a heavy rain. The paper boat rocked up and down, and sometimes turned round so rapidly that the Tin Soldier trembled; but he remained firm, and never changed countenance, and looked straight before him, and shouldered his musket.
All at once the boat went into a long drain, and it became as dark as if he had been in his box.
'Where am I going now?' he thought. 'Yes, yes, that's the Goblin's fault. Ah! if the little Lady only sat here with me in the boat, it might be twice as dark for what I should care.'
Suddenly there came a great water-rat, which lived under the drain.
'Have you a passport?' said the Rat. 'Give me your passport.'
But the Tin Soldier kept silence, and only held his musket tighter than ever.
The boat went on, but the Rat came after it. Hu! how he gnashed his teeth, and called out to the bits of straw and wood,—
'Hold him! hold him! he hasn't paid toll—he hasn't shown his passport!'
But the stream became stronger and stronger. The Tin Soldier could see the bright daylight where the arch ended; but he heard a roaring noise, which might well frighten a bolder man.
There were once five-and-twenty tin soldiers; they were all brothers, for they had all been born of one old tin spoon. They shouldered their muskets and looked straight before them; their uniform was red and blue, and very splendid. The first thing they had heard in the world, when the lid was taken off their box, had been the words 'Tin soldiers!' These words were uttered by a little boy, clapping his hands; the soldiers had been given to him, for it was his birthday; and now he put them upon the table. Each soldier was exactly like the rest; but one of them had been cast last of all, and there had not been enough tin to finish him; but he stood as firmly upon one leg as the others on their two; and it was just this soldier who became remarkable.
On the table on which they had been placed stood many other playthings, but the toy that attracted most attention was a neat castle of card-board. Through the little windows one could see straight into the hall. Before the castle some little trees were placed round a little looking-glass, which was to represent a clear lake. Waxen swans swam on this lake, and were mirrored in it. This was all very pretty; but the prettiest of all was a little lady, who stood at the open door of the castle; she was also cut out in paper, but she had a dress of the clearest gauze, and a little narrow blue ribbon over her shoulders, that looked like a scarf; and in the middle of this ribbon was a shining tinsel rose, as big as her whole face. The little Lady stretched out both her arms, for she was a dancer, and then she lifted one leg so high that the Tin Soldier could not see it at all, and thought that, like himself, she had but one leg.
'That would be the wife for me,' thought he; 'but she is very grand. She lives in a castle, and I have only a box, and there are five-and-twenty of us in that. It is no place for her. But I must try to make acquaintance with her.'
And then he lay down at full length behind a snuff-box which was on the table; there he could easily watch the little dainty lady, who continued to stand on one leg without losing her balance.
When the evening came, all the other tin soldiers were put into their box, and the people in the house went to bed. Now the toys began to play at 'visiting,' and at 'war,' and 'giving balls.' The tin soldiers rattled in their box, for they wanted to join, but could not lift the lid. The Nut-cracker threw somersaults, and the Pencil amused itself on the table; there was so much noise that the Canary woke up, and began to speak too, and even in verse. The only two who did not stir from their places were the Tin Soldier and the Dancing Lady; she stood straight up on the point of one of her toes, and stretched out both her arms: and he was just as enduring on his one leg; and he never turned his eyes away from her.
Now the clock struck twelve—and, bounce!—the lid flew off the snuff-box; but there was not snuff in it, but a little black goblin; you see, it was a trick.
'Tin Soldier,' said the Goblin, 'don't stare at things that don't concern you.'
But the Tin Soldier pretended not to hear him.
'Just you wait till to-morrow!' said the Goblin.
But when the morning came, and the children got up, the Tin Soldier was placed in the window; and whether it was the Goblin or the draught that did it, all at once the window flew open, and the Soldier fell, head over heels, out of the third story.
That was a terrible passage! He put his leg straight up, and struck with his helmet downward, and his bayonet between the paving-stones.
The servant-maid and the little boy came down directly to look for him, but though they almost trod upon him they could not see him. If the soldier had cried out, 'Here I am!' they would have found him; but he did not think it fitting to call out loudly, because he was in uniform.
Now it began to rain; the drops soon fell thicker, and at last it came down in a complete stream. When the rain was past, two street boys came by.
'Just look!' said one of them, 'there lies a tin soldier. He must come out and ride in the boat.'
And they made a boat out of a newspaper, and put the Tin Soldier in the middle of it; and so he sailed down the gutter, and the two boys ran beside him and clapped their hands. Goodness preserve us! how the waves rose in that gutter, and how fast the stream ran! But then it had been a heavy rain. The paper boat rocked up and down, and sometimes turned round so rapidly that the Tin Soldier trembled; but he remained firm, and never changed countenance, and looked straight before him, and shouldered his musket.
All at once the boat went into a long drain, and it became as dark as if he had been in his box.
'Where am I going now?' he thought. 'Yes, yes, that's the Goblin's fault. Ah! if the little Lady only sat here with me in the boat, it might be twice as dark for what I should care.'
Suddenly there came a great water-rat, which lived under the drain.
'Have you a passport?' said the Rat. 'Give me your passport.'
But the Tin Soldier kept silence, and only held his musket tighter than ever.
The boat went on, but the Rat came after it. Hu! how he gnashed his teeth, and called out to the bits of straw and wood,—
'Hold him! hold him! he hasn't paid toll—he hasn't shown his passport!'
But the stream became stronger and stronger. The Tin Soldier could see the bright daylight where the arch ended; but he heard a roaring noise, which might well frighten a bolder man.
Excretion in Human Systems
Excretion SYSTEM IN HUMANS
Expenses Process
Based on the substance discharged, the expenditure in humans can be divided into:
Defecation: expenditure of digestive waste (feces)
Excretion: spending the rest of the results of metabolic substances (CO2, sweat and urine)
Secretion: sap spending is still useful to the body (enzymes and hormones)
Excretion system
Expenditure systems are substances that metabolic waste is not useful to the body from the body, such as:
Exhale CO2 when we breathe
Sweating
Pee (urine)
Excretion tools
Tools excretion in humans include:
Kidneys
Heart
Skin
Lung
Renal (ren)
Humans have two kidneys located on the front left and right of the spine waist.
Kidney Structure
Leather Kidney (cortex)
In the cortex there are many nephrons, or filtering.
Each nephron consists of bodies and tubular glomerular malpigi.
The glomerulus is a capillary blood vessels woven.
Glomerulus is covered by a Bowman's capsule
Marrow, kidney (medulla)
Marrow, kidney tubules consist of konturtus
Cavity kidney (renal pelvis)
In the empty cavity of the kidney vessels.
From each cavity left ureter.
Ureteric function and pass out urine into the bladder
Kidney Function
Kidneys have a function:
Filtering blood to produce urine
Disposing of substances that harm the body (urea, uric acid)
Discard the substances in the body of excess (blood sugar)
Maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
Maintaining the balance of acids and bases
Urine Formation
Blood filtration in the glomerulus produces glomerular filtrate (primary urine)
Urine reabsorsi primary konturtus in the proximal tubules to absorb substances that are useful to the body. Produced by tubular filtrate (urine secondary)
Urine secondary augmentation in the distal tubules produce urine konturtus
In normal urine contains water, urea, ammonia, mineral salts, bile pigments, vitamins, drugs and hormones
Liver (liver)
Is the largest gland in the human body (2 kg) which is located in the abdominal cavity below the sabelah right diaphragm
Heart Structure
Heart Function
Liver produces bile (bilus) which contains the rest of the reforms in the spleen eritosit
Liver function:
Store the sugar in the form of glycogen
Regulate blood sugar levels
Place the formation of urea from ammonia
Offering poison
Formed vitamin A from provitamin A
Place the formation of fibrinogen protrombin
Process in the Heart
Red blood cells that are old (histiosita) broken down in the liver.
Skin (Integumentary)
Is the outer layer of the human body and is part of the body's protective
Skin Function
The skin functions as:
Sweat
Protect the inside of the body of friction, germs, radiation, heat and chemicals
Regulate body temperature
Receive stimulation from the outside
Reduce water loss
Sweat
Sweat glands absorb water and salt from the blood in the capillaries.
Sweat excreted through the pores (50 mL / hour in normal circumstances)
The lungs (pulmo)
Humans have a pair of lungs which is located in the chest cavity.
The lungs function as respiratory organs of oxygen and remove CO2 + water vapor
Water vapor and CO2 diffuse in the alveoli and then issued
Abnormalities and disease
Albuminuria
Signs: urine contains albumin
Causes: lack of protein, kidney and liver disease
As a result: the body of albumin deficiency that prevents the fluid does not come out of the blood
Renal failure
Signs: Increased levels of urea in the blood
Cause: nephritis (kidney inflammation)
Result: substances which should be removed by the kidneys accumulate in the blood
Treatment: regular dialysis or kidney transplantation
Diabetes insipidus
Signs: the increasing number of urine (20 to 30 times as much)
Cause: antidiuretika hormone deficiency (ADH)
Due: often dispose of urine
Treatment: The provision of synthetic ADH
Diabetes mellitus
Tags: blood glucose levels exceed normal
Causes: lack of the hormone insulin
Result: poor healing wounds
Treatment: the children were given regular insulin and diet in adults is routine, exercise and administration of drugs that lower blood glucose levels
Hepatitis
Signs: skin color changes and the whites of the eyes become yellow, urine becomes brown like tea
Cause: virus
As a result of: liver liver inflamed and disrupted work
Prevention: keep the environment clean, avoid direct contact or use of goods together with patients with hepatitis, use syringes for single-use.
Cirrhosis Heart
Signs: the emergence of scar tissue and damage cells in the liver
Causes: alcohol, drug toxicity, bacterial infections, complications of liver
As a result of: disturbance of consciousness, coma, death
Treatment: as the cause, recovery of liver function and liver transplant
Gangrenous
Signs: the death of soft tissue in the feet or hands to begin with bluish skin and feels cold to the touch, and blackened and stinking
Cause: kejaringan blood disorders such flux. Often occurs in people with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis
Result: if not be cured with antibiotics, the infected gangrene must be amputated.
Urinary stone
Signs: difficult to dispose of urine
Cause: The deposition of calcium in the kidney
Treatment: surgery, medicine and laser firing
Expenses Process
Based on the substance discharged, the expenditure in humans can be divided into:
Defecation: expenditure of digestive waste (feces)
Excretion: spending the rest of the results of metabolic substances (CO2, sweat and urine)
Secretion: sap spending is still useful to the body (enzymes and hormones)
Excretion system
Expenditure systems are substances that metabolic waste is not useful to the body from the body, such as:
Exhale CO2 when we breathe
Sweating
Pee (urine)
Excretion tools
Tools excretion in humans include:
Kidneys
Heart
Skin
Lung
Renal (ren)
Humans have two kidneys located on the front left and right of the spine waist.
Kidney Structure
Leather Kidney (cortex)
In the cortex there are many nephrons, or filtering.
Each nephron consists of bodies and tubular glomerular malpigi.
The glomerulus is a capillary blood vessels woven.
Glomerulus is covered by a Bowman's capsule
Marrow, kidney (medulla)
Marrow, kidney tubules consist of konturtus
Cavity kidney (renal pelvis)
In the empty cavity of the kidney vessels.
From each cavity left ureter.
Ureteric function and pass out urine into the bladder
Kidney Function
Kidneys have a function:
Filtering blood to produce urine
Disposing of substances that harm the body (urea, uric acid)
Discard the substances in the body of excess (blood sugar)
Maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
Maintaining the balance of acids and bases
Urine Formation
Blood filtration in the glomerulus produces glomerular filtrate (primary urine)
Urine reabsorsi primary konturtus in the proximal tubules to absorb substances that are useful to the body. Produced by tubular filtrate (urine secondary)
Urine secondary augmentation in the distal tubules produce urine konturtus
In normal urine contains water, urea, ammonia, mineral salts, bile pigments, vitamins, drugs and hormones
Liver (liver)
Is the largest gland in the human body (2 kg) which is located in the abdominal cavity below the sabelah right diaphragm
Heart Structure
Heart Function
Liver produces bile (bilus) which contains the rest of the reforms in the spleen eritosit
Liver function:
Store the sugar in the form of glycogen
Regulate blood sugar levels
Place the formation of urea from ammonia
Offering poison
Formed vitamin A from provitamin A
Place the formation of fibrinogen protrombin
Process in the Heart
Red blood cells that are old (histiosita) broken down in the liver.
Skin (Integumentary)
Is the outer layer of the human body and is part of the body's protective
Skin Function
The skin functions as:
Sweat
Protect the inside of the body of friction, germs, radiation, heat and chemicals
Regulate body temperature
Receive stimulation from the outside
Reduce water loss
Sweat
Sweat glands absorb water and salt from the blood in the capillaries.
Sweat excreted through the pores (50 mL / hour in normal circumstances)
The lungs (pulmo)
Humans have a pair of lungs which is located in the chest cavity.
The lungs function as respiratory organs of oxygen and remove CO2 + water vapor
Water vapor and CO2 diffuse in the alveoli and then issued
Abnormalities and disease
Albuminuria
Signs: urine contains albumin
Causes: lack of protein, kidney and liver disease
As a result: the body of albumin deficiency that prevents the fluid does not come out of the blood
Renal failure
Signs: Increased levels of urea in the blood
Cause: nephritis (kidney inflammation)
Result: substances which should be removed by the kidneys accumulate in the blood
Treatment: regular dialysis or kidney transplantation
Diabetes insipidus
Signs: the increasing number of urine (20 to 30 times as much)
Cause: antidiuretika hormone deficiency (ADH)
Due: often dispose of urine
Treatment: The provision of synthetic ADH
Diabetes mellitus
Tags: blood glucose levels exceed normal
Causes: lack of the hormone insulin
Result: poor healing wounds
Treatment: the children were given regular insulin and diet in adults is routine, exercise and administration of drugs that lower blood glucose levels
Hepatitis
Signs: skin color changes and the whites of the eyes become yellow, urine becomes brown like tea
Cause: virus
As a result of: liver liver inflamed and disrupted work
Prevention: keep the environment clean, avoid direct contact or use of goods together with patients with hepatitis, use syringes for single-use.
Cirrhosis Heart
Signs: the emergence of scar tissue and damage cells in the liver
Causes: alcohol, drug toxicity, bacterial infections, complications of liver
As a result of: disturbance of consciousness, coma, death
Treatment: as the cause, recovery of liver function and liver transplant
Gangrenous
Signs: the death of soft tissue in the feet or hands to begin with bluish skin and feels cold to the touch, and blackened and stinking
Cause: kejaringan blood disorders such flux. Often occurs in people with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis
Result: if not be cured with antibiotics, the infected gangrene must be amputated.
Urinary stone
Signs: difficult to dispose of urine
Cause: The deposition of calcium in the kidney
Treatment: surgery, medicine and laser firing
Man with the Monkey equation of the form of Physiology Primates-Similarity and Difference Kinship
Man with the Monkey equation of the form of Physiology Primates-Similarity and Difference Kinship
A. Human Equation by Primates / Apes
1. Have mammary glands in the chest
2. Both eyes were both facing the front
3. Leg thumb may be moved in any direction with ease
4. Just - just a nail in terms of taxonomic
5. Having a form of uterine / simplex
6. Using the legs to walk, generally have to walk 2 feet and 2 hands
7. Common frame of the head
8. Have a backbone (vertebrates)
9. In general, the same - the same fur, hair
B. Human Differences in Primates / Apes
1. Apes have longer arms than legs and orang-utan ape than human
2. The size of the human brain is greater while the apes had brain sizes smaller
3. Structure / composition of different hemoglobin
4. Apes do not have the curve of the lips, while men have
5. Different body size
6. Humans enter the family Hominidae while the monkey family pongidae
7. Rear legs (feet) longer than the human front legs (arms), whereas in apes the front legs the same length or longer than the rear legs.
* physiology: the branch of biology that learning about the intricacies of life functions and activities
* primates: the highest class of mammals, or mammals, such as the type of small ape (tarsier) until the great apes (gorillas)
* taxonomic: the branch of biology which examine the naming, detailing, and grouping of living things based on similarities and differences in their properties
* verterbrata: animals with a spinal
A. Human Equation by Primates / Apes
1. Have mammary glands in the chest
2. Both eyes were both facing the front
3. Leg thumb may be moved in any direction with ease
4. Just - just a nail in terms of taxonomic
5. Having a form of uterine / simplex
6. Using the legs to walk, generally have to walk 2 feet and 2 hands
7. Common frame of the head
8. Have a backbone (vertebrates)
9. In general, the same - the same fur, hair
B. Human Differences in Primates / Apes
1. Apes have longer arms than legs and orang-utan ape than human
2. The size of the human brain is greater while the apes had brain sizes smaller
3. Structure / composition of different hemoglobin
4. Apes do not have the curve of the lips, while men have
5. Different body size
6. Humans enter the family Hominidae while the monkey family pongidae
7. Rear legs (feet) longer than the human front legs (arms), whereas in apes the front legs the same length or longer than the rear legs.
* physiology: the branch of biology that learning about the intricacies of life functions and activities
* primates: the highest class of mammals, or mammals, such as the type of small ape (tarsier) until the great apes (gorillas)
* taxonomic: the branch of biology which examine the naming, detailing, and grouping of living things based on similarities and differences in their properties
* verterbrata: animals with a spinal
Sunday, February 21, 2010
Sound Music Vegetables
Sound Music Vegetables
Maybe it'll often hear the mother's advice: Do not play games with food. Apparently, this advice does not apply to musicians in Vienna.
Since the first city of Vienna in Austria known as a country music town. Classical music Strauss and Schubert's typical of the city of Vienna. But some musicians believe the city of Vienna can be a vegetable orchestra. Because according to the theory, every object had a voice.
Musicians from Vienna and make experiments. Musician making musical instruments from the vegetables. Hollowed carrot. Peeled onion skin. Was sliced Teronmg. And the results really ayuran issued suaara melodious. Vegetables can make a sound that can not be made other musical instruments.
Vegetables
Musical Instruments
Carrots
Flute or Flute
Eggplant
Cymbals
Celery
Acoustics
Peppers, Cucumbers, and Carrots
Trumpet
Pepper
Acoustics
Daun Bawang
Biola
Knob celery
Bongo
Radish
Flute or Flute
Secret Sound Vegetables
Fresh vegetables should be
Vegetables only when fresh sound. That is, should not be wilted vegetables. As a result, the Vienna musicians have to shop before penatas.
Sensitive microphone
Vegetables is very weak voice. Voice of vegetables should be recorded with sensitive mikkrofon.
Gerakpgerik Hand
Sweet sound depending vegetables musician's hand movements. Not all smart people move to sound sweet vegetables.
Song Notation
Voice of vegetables should be regulated in a notation that a beautiful song. This means that musicians have to move the vegetables as a sign of the song. The result, an orchestra of beautiful vegetables.
Musicians and the audience should like to eat vegetables. Because when making vegetable instruments must have a lot of vegetable scraps. This time the advice she can not play with food must be obeyed. So, after watching the vegetable orchestra, everyone ate vegetable soup together.
Now one of the vegetables so that often appear orchestra in Vienna. Viennese musicians turned out not bad kids. Viennese musicians are creative people. Thanks to the creative musician, known as the city of Vienna vegetable orchestra.
(Source: Bobo magazine)
Maybe it'll often hear the mother's advice: Do not play games with food. Apparently, this advice does not apply to musicians in Vienna.
Since the first city of Vienna in Austria known as a country music town. Classical music Strauss and Schubert's typical of the city of Vienna. But some musicians believe the city of Vienna can be a vegetable orchestra. Because according to the theory, every object had a voice.
Musicians from Vienna and make experiments. Musician making musical instruments from the vegetables. Hollowed carrot. Peeled onion skin. Was sliced Teronmg. And the results really ayuran issued suaara melodious. Vegetables can make a sound that can not be made other musical instruments.
Vegetables
Musical Instruments
Carrots
Flute or Flute
Eggplant
Cymbals
Celery
Acoustics
Peppers, Cucumbers, and Carrots
Trumpet
Pepper
Acoustics
Daun Bawang
Biola
Knob celery
Bongo
Radish
Flute or Flute
Secret Sound Vegetables
Fresh vegetables should be
Vegetables only when fresh sound. That is, should not be wilted vegetables. As a result, the Vienna musicians have to shop before penatas.
Sensitive microphone
Vegetables is very weak voice. Voice of vegetables should be recorded with sensitive mikkrofon.
Gerakpgerik Hand
Sweet sound depending vegetables musician's hand movements. Not all smart people move to sound sweet vegetables.
Song Notation
Voice of vegetables should be regulated in a notation that a beautiful song. This means that musicians have to move the vegetables as a sign of the song. The result, an orchestra of beautiful vegetables.
Musicians and the audience should like to eat vegetables. Because when making vegetable instruments must have a lot of vegetable scraps. This time the advice she can not play with food must be obeyed. So, after watching the vegetable orchestra, everyone ate vegetable soup together.
Now one of the vegetables so that often appear orchestra in Vienna. Viennese musicians turned out not bad kids. Viennese musicians are creative people. Thanks to the creative musician, known as the city of Vienna vegetable orchestra.
(Source: Bobo magazine)
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)